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Handling directories in Linux – Absolute and Relative Paths

When traversing directories in Linux, there are two ways to type a file or directory path, an absolute path and relative path.

An absolute path is the specific location irrespective of the current working directory or combined paths and are written with reference to the root directory, starting with a forward slash /. Example of using absolute path, “cd /usr/bin”

A relative path is the path relative to the current working directory using period and double periods, indicating current and parent directories. Example of using a relative path when the current working directory is /usr/, “cd bin”

Both types will take you to the same place but take different steps and criterias to do so, when you handling directories in Linux.

How to Create a Directory 

To create a directory, we will use the mkdir command to do so. Follow the steps below to proceed. 

1. To create a directory in Linux, you can use the mkdir command followed by the name of the directory, as shown below.

The command will create a directory in the root directory (/) called “Net_Growth_21”.

mkdir /Net_Growth_21 which will create a directory in / with that name.

2. Creating a directory in a different directory, the full path can be given with the command.

mkdir /guide/Net_Growth_21 which will create the directory in a directory, /guide/, as shown below.

How to Navigate and List Directories in Linux

To navigate through directories, we will be using the following commands, pwd, ls, and cd.

1. The pwd command will print the working directory which you are currently working in.

2. The ls command will list all items in the directory you are currently working in.

Another good option with ls is ls -lh which will present the items size and in a list form.

3. The cd command is used to move through directories.

1. 1. Using cd . will navigate to the current directory as the period (.) is used to represent the current directory.
   2. Using cd .. will navigate one directory above the current directory.
   3. Using cd ~ will take you to the home directory of the currently logged user. Two examples are listed below for root and psuissa users.

How to Move a Directory in Linux

If you’re trying to move a directory in Linux from one location to another, just follow these 4 steps:

1. To move a directory in Linux, you can use the mv command followed by the source and destination directories, as shown below.

mv [source directory] [destination directory]

2. So, if you wanted to move /directory1 into a second directory name /directory2, you would use the following command:

mv /directory1 /directory2

Note: If no “/directory2” exists, /directory1 will be renamed as “/directory2”, essentially “moving” it into a newly created directory, otherwise, all content from /directory1 will move to /directory2.

3. This can also be done for multiple files and directories at once. Let’s say you have 3 files (File1, File2, and File3), and you’d like to move all them into /Directory1. Simply list out all your sources before your destination, and Linux will automatically move all these files at once.

mv file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /home/directory1

4. Keep in mind that in order to move files and directories, a user must have permissions allowing them to modify both the source and destination directories. Otherwise, an error will occur and permission will be denied.

How to Copy a Directory in Linux

If you’re trying to make a copy of an existing directory, just follow these 4 steps:

1. To copy a directory or file in linux, just use the copy command followed by the Source (the directory you’re copying), and the Destination (the place you’re copying it to):

cp -R [Source] [Destination]

2. to make a copy of /directory1 and place it inside of /directory2, you would use the command:

cp -R /directory1 /directory2

*Note: If no “/directory2” exists, a new directory will be created, with that name, and containing the contents of /Directory1.

3. Like moving files, it is possible to copy multiple files into a single directory by listing out multiple filenames for sources, followed by a single destination. For example:

cp -R file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /directory1

Which would copy file1, file2, and file3 into /directory1.

4. Additionally, if you wanted to copy the entire contents of /Directory1 into /Directory2 (duplicating the files inside the folder but not the folder itself), you can do so by adding ” /* ” after the source directory. For example:

cp – R /directory1/* /directory2

This would create copies of all the files located in /directory1, placing duplicates of its content into /directory2, but not duplicating the actual directory itself.

How to Rename a Directory in Linux

If you need to rename an existing directory in Linux to something new, just follow these 2 steps:

1. Interestingly, due to the way Linux’s file structures work, moving a file and renaming a file are actually the same action. This is because when you’re “moving” a file in Linux, you’re really “renaming” its file path: giving it a new name but also a new location in your system’s structure.

mv [Source Directory] [Destination Directory]

So, to rename /directory1 to /directory_new, you would use the command:

mv /directory1 /directory_new

If “/directory_new” already exists, then this command will move the contents of /directory1 to /directory_new. However, if “/directory_new” does NOT already exist, this command will rename /directory1 to /directory_new.

The post Handling Directories in Linux appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

– Clean OS install: Redhat 7.2, 7.3, 8.0, 9.0, Fedora (any version), CentOS (any version).

PS :- The setup file for Redhat also works for Fedora and CentOS (any version).

– At least one external IP address (NAT/LAN-based systems will NOT work).

– SSH installed, gcc installed (these are usually standard with 99% of systems).

Step 2: Make sure your license information is correct.

Sign into your client account at

*** https://www.directadmin.com/clients ***

and click the “view” link next to your license.

Verify that the server IP address and operating system is correct. Also make sure that the license is Active and Verified (if it isn’t, then the DA billing system hasn’t processed your order yet).

Step3) Login as root and download the setup.sh file

Command

# wget https://www.directadmin.com/setup.sh

Step4) Change permissions on the setup.sh file

Command

# chmod 755 setup.sh

Step5) Run the setup script!

Command

# ./setup.sh

You will be prompted for a client ID number, license ID number, and hostname.

Important: The hostname should not be the same as the primary domain name. e.g. gary.com is not a good hostname, where server.gary.com is good. Having the same host/main domain name will cause e-mail and FTP problems. Also, please make sure the hostname resolves once you setup DNS.

The post Install Direct Admin on Linux systems appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

Cron file for RedHat: /etc/cron.d/directadmin_cron
Cron file for FreeBSD: /etc/crontab

Edit the cron file and locate the line that looks like the following:

10 0 * * * root echo ‘action=tally&value=all’ >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
That means that the tally will be run 10 minutes after midnight every day.

If you’d like to (for example) run the tally every 4 hours, you’d change it to:

10 */4 * * * root echo ‘action=tally&value=all’ >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue

One important thing to remember is that for very large servers, with upwards of 1000 domains, the tally can take a significantly long time to run (up to 2 hours), so if you run a large server, you may not want to run the tally too often.

Once you’ve set the value you want, save the file and reload the cron daemon by runnin the command:

killall -HUP crond

The post Make diskuage, bandwidth and webalizer stats update more frequently appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

Before installing Fantastico you must replace the buggy version of wget that ships with your OS or Fantastico will not install.

After you fix this you can continue with the installation process:

If you have Fedora Core 5/6 or CentOS 5 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 on your server and are experiencing troubles with respect to upgrades (forced or otherwise) of Click Be! or Fantastico or Universina, please check the wget version that you have on your server.

If it is wget-1.10.2-3.3.fc5 or wget-1.10.2-7.el5 or wget-1.10.2-8.fc6.1, we suggest that you replace it immediately with an older and/or stabler version. This version does not honor the “-P” switch.

An alternate version that we suggest is wget-1.10.2-3.2.1

Fire the following commands from command line:

# rpm -qa wget ;
# wget ftp://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/fedora/core/5/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/
wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm;
# rpm -e wget ;
# rpm -ivh –force wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm ;
# rpm -qa wget ;

Note: version of wget included with Fedora Core 7 does not have this problem, so that may be a better option for some people.

Installation process : SSH to your server(s) and enter following commands:

# cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
# wget -N https://files.betaservant.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
# tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
# rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz

Note: if you have problems contacting this server, please try this alternate location:

wget -N https://files.netenberg.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz

Now go to WHM, login as root and follow the link

WHM -> Add-Ons (Plugins on v11.x or higher) -> Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin (scroll down the left menu).

Upon loading, Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin

The post Install Fantastico on cpanel server appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

1) Restore the old httpd.conf file:

cp -f /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.1.3.backup /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

2) Get DirectAdmin to use the old httpd.conf files for the users. Edit the /usr/local/directadmin/conf/directadmin.conf file and change apache_ver=2.0 to apache_ver=1.3. Then type

echo "action=rewrite&value=ips" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
echo "action=rewrite&value=httpd" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
echo "action=directadmin&value=restart" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue

3) Now you can recompile apache 1.3

rm -f /usr/lib/apache/*
cd /usr/local/directadmin/customapache
./build clean
./build all
4) Fix the modules link:

cd /etc/httpd
rm -f modules
ln -s /usr/lib/apache modules

5) Restore the old boot script:
FreeBSD:

cp -f /usr/local/directadmin/customapache/httpd_freebsd /usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd
chmod 755 /usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd restart

RedHat:

cp -f /usr/local/directadmin/customapache/httpd /etc/init.d/httpd
chmod 755 /etc/init.d/httpd
/etc/init.d/httpd restart

The post How to downgrade from apache 2 back to apache 1.3 appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

1) Restore the old httpd.conf file:

cp -f /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.1.3.backup /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf


2) Get DirectAdmin to use the old httpd.conf files for the users. Edit the /usr/local/directadmin/conf/directadmin.conf file and change apache_ver=2.0 to apache_ver=1.3. Then type

echo "action=rewrite&value=ips" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
echo "action=rewrite&value=httpd" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
echo "action=directadmin&value=restart" >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue

3) Now you can recompile apache 1.3

rm -f /usr/lib/apache/*
cd /usr/local/directadmin/customapache
./build clean
./build all

4) Fix the modules link:

cd /etc/httpd
rm -f modules
ln -s /usr/lib/apache modules


5) Restore the old boot script:
FreeBSD:

cp -f /usr/local/directadmin/customapache/httpd_freebsd /usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd
chmod 755 /usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/httpd restart


RedHat:

cp -f /usr/local/directadmin/customapache/httpd /etc/init.d/httpd
chmod 755 /etc/init.d/httpd
/etc/init.d/httpd restart

The post How do I downgrade from apache 2 back to apache 1.3? appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

Cron file for RedHat: /etc/cron.d/directadmin_cron
Cron file for FreeBSD: /etc/crontab

Edit the cron file and locate the line that looks like the following:

10 0 * * * root echo 'action=tally&value=all' >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue
That means that the tally will be run 10 minutes after midnight every day.

If you’d like to (for example) run the tally every 4 hours, you’d change it to:

10 */4 * * * root echo 'action=tally&value=all' >> /usr/local/directadmin/data/task.queue

One important thing to remember is that for very large servers, with upwards of 1000 domains, the tally can take a significantly long time to run (up to 2 hours), so if you run a large server, you may not want to run the tally too often.

Once you’ve set the value you want, save the file and reload the cron daemon by runnin the command:

killall -HUP crond

The post How do I make diskuage, and webalizer stats update more? appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

This step is only required if you wish to use DirectAdmin through SSL.

You will also have to change set SSL=1 in the directadmin.conf file. ( /home/directadmin/directadmin.conf )

# openssl req -new -x509 -keyout /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem.tmp -out /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cacert.pem
# openssl rsa -in /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem.tmp -out /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem
# rm /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem.tmp
# chown diradmin:diradmin /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem
# chmod 400 /usr/local/directadmin/conf/cakey.pem

Named Reload Bug (RedHat 7.2 Only)
Make sure that the /etc/rndc.conf file has the following data for the “server localhost” directive:

# cat /etc/rndc.conf
.....
server localhost {
key "rndckey";
};

The post How do I install SSL for Direct Admin? appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

– Clean OS install: Redhat 7.2, 7.3, 8.0, 9.0, Fedora (any version), CentOS (any version).

PS :- The setup file for Redhat also works for Fedora and CentOS (any version).

– At least one external IP address (NAT/LAN-based systems will NOT work).

– SSH installed, gcc installed (these are usually standard with 99% of systems).

Step 2: Make sure your license information is correct.

Sign into your client account at

*** https://www.directadmin.com/clients ***

and click the “view” link next to your license.

Verify that the server IP address and operating system is correct. Also make sure that the license is Active and Verified (if it isn’t, then the DA billing system hasn’t processed your order yet).

Step3) Login as root and download the setup.sh file

Command

# wget https://www.directadmin.com/setup.sh

Step4) Change permissions on the setup.sh file

Command

# chmod 755 setup.sh

Step5) Run the setup script!

Command

# ./setup.sh

You will be prompted for a client ID number, license ID number, and hostname.

Important: The hostname should not be the same as the primary domain name. e.g. gary.com is not a good hostname, where server.gary.com is good. Having the same host/main domain name will cause e-mail and FTP problems. Also, please make sure the hostname resolves once you setup DNS.

The post How do I install Direct Admin on Linux systems? appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

echo "HTML::Template" | /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/bin/perlmod -i

(in this case, the module we want to install is HTML::Template).

On a RedHat server, you can install it with up2date if you know the name of the RPM. If you don’t know it you can run ‘up2date --showall | grep -i perl‘. Then select the RPM you want and install it via up2date.

If the module you want still isn’t present you can install it manually via CPAN. Note that these modules are completely unsupported. If you wish to procede with the installation you can run ‘perl -MCPAN -e shell’ and interactively install the module. For example if you wanted to install Time::HiRes you would type ‘install Time::HiRes’ on the CPAN prompt.

The post Install Perl Module appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

chkconfig autofs on

Now you will need to configure your filesystem to mount automatically. This is easily done with the following steps. You will need to first decide on a directory that you will be using for these automatic mounts. For this example, we will use /backup. Edit /etc/auto.master with your favorite text editor, and add this line:

/backup /etc/auto.backup --timeout=30

Once that has been completed, save the file, and open a new file in /etc called “auto.backup”. In this file, the only line you will need is as follows:
smb -fstype=smbfs,username=XXXXXX,password=YYYYYY ://10.10.10.10/XXXXXX

All you need to do is substitue your username for XXXXXX, and your password for YYYYYY. You will also need to use the IP address of your NAS server. Now just start it manually:

root@box [/]# /etc/init.d/autofs start
Starting automount: [ OK ]
root@box [/]#

If you have followed the steps above, and your username and password is correct, you are done. You can change directories to /backup/smb, and you will see the files located on your NAS share.

The post Setup automounter to mount NAS backup share appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.