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Handling directories in Linux – Absolute and Relative Paths

When traversing directories in Linux, there are two ways to type a file or directory path, an absolute path and relative path.

An absolute path is the specific location irrespective of the current working directory or combined paths and are written with reference to the root directory, starting with a forward slash /. Example of using absolute path, “cd /usr/bin”

A relative path is the path relative to the current working directory using period and double periods, indicating current and parent directories. Example of using a relative path when the current working directory is /usr/, “cd bin”

Both types will take you to the same place but take different steps and criterias to do so, when you handling directories in Linux.

How to Create a Directory 

To create a directory, we will use the mkdir command to do so. Follow the steps below to proceed. 

1. To create a directory in Linux, you can use the mkdir command followed by the name of the directory, as shown below.

The command will create a directory in the root directory (/) called “Net_Growth_21”.

mkdir /Net_Growth_21 which will create a directory in / with that name.

2. Creating a directory in a different directory, the full path can be given with the command.

mkdir /guide/Net_Growth_21 which will create the directory in a directory, /guide/, as shown below.

How to Navigate and List Directories in Linux

To navigate through directories, we will be using the following commands, pwd, ls, and cd.

1. The pwd command will print the working directory which you are currently working in.

2. The ls command will list all items in the directory you are currently working in.

Another good option with ls is ls -lh which will present the items size and in a list form.

3. The cd command is used to move through directories.

1. 1. Using cd . will navigate to the current directory as the period (.) is used to represent the current directory.
   2. Using cd .. will navigate one directory above the current directory.
   3. Using cd ~ will take you to the home directory of the currently logged user. Two examples are listed below for root and psuissa users.

How to Move a Directory in Linux

If you’re trying to move a directory in Linux from one location to another, just follow these 4 steps:

1. To move a directory in Linux, you can use the mv command followed by the source and destination directories, as shown below.

mv [source directory] [destination directory]

2. So, if you wanted to move /directory1 into a second directory name /directory2, you would use the following command:

mv /directory1 /directory2

Note: If no “/directory2” exists, /directory1 will be renamed as “/directory2”, essentially “moving” it into a newly created directory, otherwise, all content from /directory1 will move to /directory2.

3. This can also be done for multiple files and directories at once. Let’s say you have 3 files (File1, File2, and File3), and you’d like to move all them into /Directory1. Simply list out all your sources before your destination, and Linux will automatically move all these files at once.

mv file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /home/directory1

4. Keep in mind that in order to move files and directories, a user must have permissions allowing them to modify both the source and destination directories. Otherwise, an error will occur and permission will be denied.

How to Copy a Directory in Linux

If you’re trying to make a copy of an existing directory, just follow these 4 steps:

1. To copy a directory or file in linux, just use the copy command followed by the Source (the directory you’re copying), and the Destination (the place you’re copying it to):

cp -R [Source] [Destination]

2. to make a copy of /directory1 and place it inside of /directory2, you would use the command:

cp -R /directory1 /directory2

*Note: If no “/directory2” exists, a new directory will be created, with that name, and containing the contents of /Directory1.

3. Like moving files, it is possible to copy multiple files into a single directory by listing out multiple filenames for sources, followed by a single destination. For example:

cp -R file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /directory1

Which would copy file1, file2, and file3 into /directory1.

4. Additionally, if you wanted to copy the entire contents of /Directory1 into /Directory2 (duplicating the files inside the folder but not the folder itself), you can do so by adding ” /* ” after the source directory. For example:

cp – R /directory1/* /directory2

This would create copies of all the files located in /directory1, placing duplicates of its content into /directory2, but not duplicating the actual directory itself.

How to Rename a Directory in Linux

If you need to rename an existing directory in Linux to something new, just follow these 2 steps:

1. Interestingly, due to the way Linux’s file structures work, moving a file and renaming a file are actually the same action. This is because when you’re “moving” a file in Linux, you’re really “renaming” its file path: giving it a new name but also a new location in your system’s structure.

mv [Source Directory] [Destination Directory]

So, to rename /directory1 to /directory_new, you would use the command:

mv /directory1 /directory_new

If “/directory_new” already exists, then this command will move the contents of /directory1 to /directory_new. However, if “/directory_new” does NOT already exist, this command will rename /directory1 to /directory_new.

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1. First, log in to your Ubuntu server as the root user using your favorite SSH client.
2. Next, you’ll want to make sure your operating system is up-to-date. Use the following command to install all the latest packages:

   sudo apt-get update

3. Now that your system is up-to-date, you can install ProFTPD FTP services using the command:

   apt-get -y install proftpd

4. On the ProFTPD configuration screen, select the installation as Standalone then press TAB to move your cursor to the OK button and hit Enter to confirm.
5. The installation and configuration process may take a few minutes.
6. Once the installation has finished, you can configure the ProFTPD service by editing the proftpd.conf file located at /etc/proftpd/proftpd.conf with your favorite editor.

   nano /etc/proftpd/proftpd.conf

7. Within the configuration file, change the server name replacing it with the actual hostname of your server.
8. In order to restrict users to their home directories, uncomment (remove the # sign from) the line that says Default root.
9. After making your changes, save the configuration file with the command Ctrl + o, hit Enter, and then Ctrl + x.
10. Lastly, you’ll need to restart the ProFTPD service with the following command:

    service proftpd restart

And there you have it!

Popular Links

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

Interested in more articles about Operating Systems? Navigate to our Categories page using the bar on the left or check out these popular articles:

• How to Check the Apache Version on a Linux Dedicated cPanel Server
• How to Change a Password in Linux
• How to Check if Your Linux Server is Under DDoS Attack

Popular tags within this category include: Linux, Windows, Apache, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, and more.

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1. First, log in to your Ubuntu server as the root user using your favorite SSH client.
2. Next, you’ll want to make sure your operating system is up-to-date. Use the following command to install all the latest packages:

   sudo apt-get update
   

3. Now that your system is up-to-date, you can install PostgreSQL using the command:

   apt-get -y install postgresql postgresql-contrib

4. The installation process may take a few minutes.
5. Once PostgreSQL has finished installing successfully, restart the service with the following command:

   service postgresql restart

And there you have it!

Popular Links

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

Interested in more articles about Operating Systems? Navigate to our Categories page using the bar on the left or check out these popular articles:

• How to Check the Apache Version on a Linux Dedicated cPanel Server
• How to Change a Password in Linux
• How to Check if Your Linux Server is Under DDoS Attack

Popular tags within this category include: Linux, Windows, Apache, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, and more.

Don’t see what you’re looking for? Use the search bar at the top to search our entire Knowledge Base.

The Hivelocity Difference

Seeking a better Dedicated Server solution? In the market for Private Cloud or Colocation services? Check out Hivelocity’s extensive list of products for great deals and offers.

With best-in-class customer service, affordable pricing, a wide-range of fully-customizable options, and a network like no other, Hivelocity is the hosting solution you’ve been waiting for.

Unsure which of our services is best for your particular needs? Call or live chat with one of our sales agents today and see the difference Hivelocity can make for you.

The post How to Install PostgreSQL on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

And there you have it!

Popular Links

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

Interested in more articles about Operating Systems? Navigate to our Categories page using the bar on the left or check out these popular articles:

• How to Check the Apache Version on a Linux Dedicated cPanel Server
• How to Change a Password in Linux
• How to Check if Your Linux Server is Under DDoS Attack

Popular tags within this category include: Linux, Windows, Apache, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, and more.

Don’t see what you’re looking for? Use the search bar at the top to search our entire Knowledge Base.

The Hivelocity Difference

Seeking a better Dedicated Server solution? In the market for Private Cloud or Colocation services? Check out Hivelocity’s extensive list of products for great deals and offers.

With best-in-class customer service, affordable pricing, a wide-range of fully-customizable options, and a network like no other, Hivelocity is the hosting solution you’ve been waiting for.

Unsure which of our services is best for your particular needs? Call or live chat with one of our sales agents today and see the difference Hivelocity can make for you.

The post How to Install Docker on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

To install phpMyAdmin on your Ubuntu 14.04 server, just follow these 10 easy steps!

1. First, log in to your Ubuntu server with root user using your favorite SSH client
2. Next, you’ll want to update your operating system with all the latest packages. To do this, use the command:

   sudo apt-get update
   

3. Then, you’ll need to start the phpMyAdmin installation using the command:

   apt-get -y install phpmyadmin
   

4. On the package configuration screen, select the web server, that should be automatically configured, then press tab to select “OK” and hit Enter. Wait for the configurations to finish.
5. The next screen asks if you want to configure the database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common. Select “Yes” and hit Enter.
6. On the next screen, enter the MySQL root password and hit Enter.
7. The final screen asks you to provide a password specifically for phpMyAdmin. This password will be used to log in. After selecting a password, hit Enter to continue.
8. Once phpMyAdmin’s finished installing, you’ll need to configure the apache.conf file by adding a line to the bottom using your favorite editor. You can do so with nano using the following command:

   nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

   The lines you will need to add are:
   
   # phpMyAdmin Configuration
   Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf
   

9. To make sure you’re changes have taken effect, restart the apache service with the command:

   service apache2 restart
   

10. You can now log in to phpMyAdmin using the password you created by visiting the URL: https://yourserverip/phpmyadmin.

And now you’ve successfully installed phpMyAdmin onto your Ubuntu 14.04 server!

Popular Links

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

Interested in more articles about Operating Systems? Navigate to our Categories page using the bar on the left or check out these popular articles:

• How to Check the Apache Version on a Linux Dedicated cPanel Server
• How to Change a Password in Linux
• How to Check if Your Linux Server is Under DDoS Attack

Popular tags within this category include: Linux, Windows, Apache, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, and more.

Don’t see what you’re looking for? Use the search bar at the top to search our entire Knowledge Base.

The Hivelocity Difference

Seeking a better Dedicated Server solution? In the market for Private Cloud or Colocation services? Check out Hivelocity’s extensive list of products for great deals and offers.

With best-in-class customer service, affordable pricing, a wide-range of fully-customizable options, and a network like no other, Hivelocity is the hosting solution you’ve been waiting for.

Unsure which of our services is best for your particular needs? Call or live chat with one of our sales agents today and see the difference Hivelocity can make for you.

The post How to Install and Configure phpMyAdmin on Ubuntu 14.04 appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

Nginx is a free, open-source, high performance web server. It cache’s static content such as images and html files and retrieves them without having to access Apache, thus improving speed, memory usage, and processor overhead.

Installing Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

To install Nginx on your Ubuntu server, just follow these steps:

1. First, log in to your Ubuntu server as the root user using your favorite SSH client.
2. Next, you’ll want to update your operating system with all the latest packages. To do this, use the command:

   sudo apt-get update
   

3. To install Nginx, use the command:

   apt-get install nginx

4. To enable Nginx to start when your server boots up, use the command:

   update-rc.d nginx defaults
   

5. Lastly, restart the Nginx service with the command:

   service nginx restart

And there you have it!

Popular Links

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

Interested in more articles about Operating Systems? Navigate to our Categories page using the bar on the left or check out these popular articles:

• How to Check the Apache Version on a Linux Dedicated cPanel Server
• How to Change a Password in Linux
• How to Check if Your Linux Server is Under DDoS Attack

Popular tags within this category include: Linux, Windows, Apache, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, RedHat, and more.

Don’t see what you’re looking for? Use the search bar at the top to search our entire Knowledge Base.

The Hivelocity Difference

Seeking a better Dedicated Server solution? In the market for Private Cloud or Colocation services? Check out Hivelocity’s extensive list of products for great deals and offers.

With best-in-class customer service, affordable pricing, a wide-range of fully-customizable options, and a network like no other, Hivelocity is the hosting solution you’ve been waiting for.

Unsure which of our services is best for your particular needs? Call or live chat with one of our sales agents today and see the difference Hivelocity can make for you.

The post How to Install Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

3. Since PHP 7 is not available for Ubuntu Trusty in the standard Ubuntu repositories , we first need to install PPA called ondrej/php with the command.

   sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

   

4. Press enter button to continue

   

5. Now we can list the all the available PHP 7 packages with the command

   apt-cache search php7

   

6. Let’s install PHP 7 with some of its required modules with the command

   sudo apt-get install php7.0 php7.0-cli php7.0-fpm php7.0-gd php7.0-json php7.0-mysql

   

7. Wait for few in order to complete the installation and in order to check if the PHP is installed correctly use the command as and you should see the output as below

   php –v

   

The post How to install PHP 7 on Ubuntu 14 LTS server appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

3. In order to install mysql use the command as below

   apt-get install mysql-server php5-mysql

   

   

4. On the next screen , set the root password for Mysql server , Use the tab to move the cursor on OK button and press enter.

   

   

5. We are done with installing Mysql

   

6. Let’s configure and secure the Mysql server in order to use it with the commands

   mysql_install_db
   mysql_secure_installation

   

7. In order to secure the Mysql installation you will need to answer a series of questions as below

• Enter current password for root (enter for none): Provide the root password

• Change the root password n

• Remove anonymous users Y

• Remove anonymous users Y

• Disallow root logins remotely Y

• Disallow root login remotely Y

• Remove test database and access to it Y

• And reload privilege tables Y

• Reload privilege tables now Y

   

8. We are done with securing the Mysql server installation. Let’s verify it with the command

   mysql –V

   

9. Lets restart the Mysql service with the command

   service mysql restart

   

10. You are done.

The post How to install Mysql on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS server appeared first on Hivelocity Hosting.

What is PIP?

PIP stands for Pip Installs Packages. It is a package manager for the Python programming language that allows you to download and install Python packages and their dependencies on a Linux system. It is similar to a Linux distribution’s package manager, but it is specifically designed for Python packages. PIP can be installed on any major Linux distribution and is available for both Python 2 and Python 3. Once installed, PIP can be used on the command line to download and install Python packages and their dependencies.

Installing PIP on Ubuntu

To begin, you first need to log in and connect to your server via SSH. See here for common SSH clients:

SSH client utilities (Free):

PuTTY:
https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html

Bitvise SSH client:
https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download

KiTTY:
https://www.9bis.net/kitty/

MobaXterm (Free with available Paid Pro version):
https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/

SmarTTY:
https://sysprogs.com/SmarTTY/

Solar-PuTTY (Free with available paid versions):
https://www.solarwinds.com/free-tools/solar-putty

There are many others available out there as well.

1. Log in to your Ubuntu server with root user using your favorite SSH client.

2. Once logged in, Update system packages with the command below.

     apt update

Which will start collecting information from all the repositories in your system

3. Once the update of repositories is done, proceed to upgrade the packages.

     apt upgrade

4. The last step is to install python-PIP and any other required packages using the command:

     apt install python3-pip

5. Verify the installation has been completed successfully with the command:
     pip –V

If all went well and you are seeing the above output, then you should now be ready to use PIP.

And there you have it! Now that you’ve successfully installed PIP on Ubuntu, you’re ready to start using python-based software.

Looking for more information on Ubuntu? Search our Knowledge Base!

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How to mount Cloud Storage using sshmount on Ubuntu.

First login to https://my.hivelocity.net go to Services & Hardware, next click the Cloud Storage button at the top. Once you are in the Cloud Storage page you will see Login Details.

You will need your Login Details to mount your Cloud Storage in Ubuntu. Keep them handy for step #8 and #10.

1. Login to your server via SSH.

2. Type in “sudo bash” and enter your password.

3. Create a folder where you would like your Cloud Storage to be mounted. This folder must be empty. For this example the folder will be /mnt/CloudStorage and we will create it by typing “mkdir /mnt/CloudStorage”

4. You need to install sshfs using apt-get with the following command.

apt-get install sshfs

5. For the next couple steps you are going to need your Cloud Storage username and password. These can be found in your MyVelocity (https://my.hivelocity.net/cloud-storage/) Be sure to have these ready.

6. Type in the following command.

sshfs -o allow_other -o kernel_cache -o auto_cache -o reconnect \

7. You will then see a > symbol. Type in the following command after the > symbol

-o compression=no -o cache_timeout=600 -o ServerAliveInterval=15 \

8. Then type this command after the next > symbol. Be sure to insert your username into the script where it says “CLOUDUSERNAME”

CLOUDUSERNAME@cloudstorage1.hivelocity.net:/ /mnt/CloudStorage

9.Type in “yes” when prompted and hit enter.

10.Type in your Cloud Storage password from MyVelocity and hit enter.

11. You should now be able to see the contents of your Cloud Storage account by typing the following.

ls /mnt/CloudStorage/

12. Tada! Your server can now access your Cloud Storage account as if it was local storage.

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